Nurdin, Nurdin∗ Adawiyah Pettalongi Muh. Ridha Agam Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Univesritas Faculty of Engineering, University Of Muhammadiyah Islam Negeri Datokarama Palu Malang [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT

a Geographic Information System (GIS) for scholarship recipient distribution in Central Sulawesi. For the data gathering instrument, we employed an online structured questionnaire. One hundred fifty scholarship administrators were selected from fif- teen state and private higher education institutions in Palu Central Sulawesi. They were assigned a five-scale survey. All completed questionnaires were analyzed using AMOS. The findings show that the factors of

, and change management have significantly influenced the continuance adoption and use of the geographic information system by university scholarship adminis- trators. The results highlighted that when a system was developed based on those criteria, the sustainable adoption and use of the geographic information system can be consistently maintained to improve universities’ scholarship management and distribution. Our study contributes to the body of knowledge in geographic in- formation system continuance adoption and use within education institutions and to practices that support universities for better scholarship management and distribution. CCS CONCEPTS • Applied computing; • Mobile application; • Geographic in- formation systems; KEYWORDS Technology continuance theory, GIS adoption and use, scholarship distribution ACM Reference Format: Nurdin, Nurdin, Muh. Ridha Agam, and Adawiyah Pettalongi. 2022. Geo- graphic Information System Continuance Adoption and Use to Determine Bidikmisi Scholarship Recipients Distribution. In The 2022 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and Its Applications (IC3INA 2022), November 22, 23, 2022, Virtual Event, Indonesia. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3575882.3575953 ∗Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Islam Negeri Datokarama Palu, [email protected]

, 23, 2022, Virtual Event, Indonesia ©

INTRODUCTION Organizations have adopted

that requires mapping the distribution of a certain location and objects [1, 2]. For example, the use of GIS for evaluating accident risk and management [3], determining water resources [4], and locations for waste recycling [5]. As such, the adoption and use of information systems related to geospatial have been considered an important area

[6]. Several studies have been conducted on various problem mapping through the use of the application of GIS, such as student mapping [7], university location mapping [8], and food stock mapping [9]. There are also studies on the mapping of population migration patterns [10], and tourism areas mapping [11]. Previous studies have found that studies on the application of GIS can be used as important information for decisions by gov- ernment and private organizations. Estes [12], for example, found that

an Indonesian central government scholarship program to support students with an excellent academic record but limited economic resources to pur- sue their studies at a university[13].

. Students who are eligible to receive the scholarship must have excellent academic achievement but poor economic conditions.

such, the Bidikmisi scholarship recipients according to geographic areas, economic condition, and education quality have never been mapped using a geographic information system (GIS). The infor- mation is important to determine areas in which the most or few recipients of Bidikmisi scholarships. The distribution of Bidikmisi scholarship distribution can help higher education institutions to obtain information about areas with the most outstanding students but that are economically weak. Therefore, our

distribution of the Bidikmisi students in Central Sulawesi. The GIS was adopted and used by fifteen higher education institutions in the Bidikmisi distribution management. To understand the continuance adoption IC3INA 2022, November 22, 23, 2022, Virtual Event, Indonesia Nurdin Nurdin et al. Table 1: Variables for GIS adoption and continuance use No Variables

Change management Authors [20-22] [20, 23, 24] [25, 26] [27-31] [32, 33] and use of the GIS, we adopted the Technology Continuance The- ory (TCT) [14]. The TCT theory posits that people will continue to adopt and use an information system when they perceived its easi- ness and benefits of the system [15]. Factors such as information quality, system quality, and the ability to support the change of man- agement in an organization will also support users’ continuance intention to the systems. The understanding of the continuance use of GIS will support higher education institutions to sustain the use of the GIS for long tern their scholarship management. 2 THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS Previous research concentrated on the early phase of adoption of a geographic information systems, while limited studies have been conducted on long-period use of the information systems [16]. The theories to understand the early stage of adoption have been adapted from social and psychological areas. However, such theories were unable to explain the continuance of information systems. This research used the Technology Continuance Theory (TCT) adapted from Liao, Palva, and Chen [14] to understand Bidik- misi administrators’ motivation to continue using a geographic information systems application. We used the TCT theory because it is appropriate to understand the sustainable use of information technology for the long term as practiced by previous researchers [17, 18]. The TCT theory argues that users’ continuance intention to use an application is because they perceived confirmation and benefits, and it is easy to use. However, the perceived confirmation, benefits, and ease to use are encouraged by factors such as the information quality, system quality, and change management [19]. Therefore, we adopted the concept of the TCT theory but some variables were developed and integrated into the theory to study the continuance intention adoption and use of geographic informa- tion system for Bidikmisi scholarship recipients’ distribution to fit our study context. The variables were identified and developed as the constructs of our study as depicted in table 1 below. 3 METHOD AND MATERIAL This research was carried out within fifteen higher education insti- tutions in Palu city, Central Sulawesi. We selected Palu city as the location for this study due to the lack of information about Bidikmisi scholarship distribution with its universities where students come from remote areas and islands. Online structured questionnaires were given to one hundred and thirty Bidikmisi administrators within the higher education institutions which consist of four uni- versities, one institute, and ten colleges. The surveys were made available online for three weeks. The survey questions consisted of six variables with twenty-eight items to understand the Bidikmisi administrators’ perception of continuance adoption and use of the Geographic Information System to determine Bidikmisi scholarship recipients in Central Sulawesi. The students who were awarded the Bidikmisi scholarship could be seen from a satellite as shown in the Google map in figure 1 below. The student’s location was shown in the form of a red dot. Other than location, the GIS also showed the route to monitor the conditions of the students on the map. We used GIS to determine the Bidikmisi scholarship distribution because the GIS can show accurately the location of the students’ addresses within a larger province and many remote islands such as Central Sulawesi. The Bidikmisi administrators usually monitor the students’ houses con- dition as a requirement to receive the Bidikmisi scholarship. The results of monitoring were used in decision-making to determine the eligibility of scholarship recipients as stated in the government regulation. Therefore, in the tour GIS application, we provide the routes and students’ information to help higher education insti- tutions in the scholarship decision-making process as depicted in figure 1 below. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The descriptive statistic for the survey results of Bidikmisi adminis- trators within fifteen higher education institutions are presented in the following table 2. The statistic descriptions showing the results of twenty eights items surveyed were developed based on the Tech- nology Continuance Theory perspective. However, some variables were adapted from another technology adoption theory. In our statistical calculation, we found that all items fit their variables. All the loading items from scores 0.585 to 0.876 shows higher than the threshold of 0.50. The coefficient of Cronbach’s al- pha for all factors variables spanned between 0.721 to 0.847, which means they are higher than the 0.7 value. Furthermore, the com- posite reliability values (CR) were higher than 0.8 (ranging from values 0.84 to 0.918), while the average extracted variances (AEV) were higher than the recommended 0.5 value, meaning that the relationship between all variables and the motivation to continue using of the GIS has shown internal consistency reliability or the variables consistency with the scale [34]. Our findings also indicate that the more factors loading different among items within similar variables, the bigger the gap between the score of CR and Cronbach’s Alpha. Our study also compared

correlation between variables in examining the discriminant validity [35]. The discriminant validity indicated whether or not the variables in the research model are significantly related among them.

IC3INA 2022, November 22, 23, 2022, Virtual Event, Indonesia Table 2: Statistical description of factors that affect GIS Continuance adoption and use Factors and indicators Mean SD Perceived ease of use (PEU) PEU1: I find GIS support Bidikmisi Scholarship recipients quickly PEU2: The GIS help determine the Bidikmisi students’ location PEU3: The GIS is easy to use in determining the students of origin PEU4: Less effort is required to use the GIS PEU5: I did not need to work hard to use the GIS Perceived Usefulness (PU) PU1: I find the use of the GIS improves my work efficiency PU2: I can manage the Bidikmisi students’ data faster with the GIS PU3: I become more skillful when using the GIS PU4: I find the GIS helps me to determine the Bidikmisi students more easier Information Quality (IQ) IQ1: I find the GIS helps me to evaluate relevant scholarship recipients IQ2: The GIS provides a relevant aspect of students’ economic characteristics IQ3: In general, the GIS system supports the scholarship recipient evaluation IQ4: I can choose relevant students for Bidikmisi recipients System Quality (SQ) SQ1: The GIS is more accurate, better quality, and real-time SQ2: I find the GIS system increases the quality of teaching evaluation SQ3: I find the services of GIS are secure and manageable SQ4: The services of GIS must be accessible more quickly SQ5: I find the GIS facilitates teaching improvement SQ6: I prefer the GIS has good quality in navigating, browsing, and downloading Change Management (CM) CM1: The GIS helps me to change the working mechanism in Bidikmisi management CM2: I find the way we work is different after we adopt the GIS CM3: I changed the scholarship recipients’ verification method after I adopt the GIS Intention to adopt GIS (ItoGIS) ItoGIS: I will continue using GIS for the Bidikmisi scholarship assessment ItoGIS2: I have got good knowledge and skills to continue the use of the GIS application for Bidikmisi students’ management ItoGIS3: I prefer to use GIS than other applications for Bidikmisi scholarship assessments ItoGIS4: I will suggest my friends adopt the GIS application for the Bidikmisi scholarship recipient’s distribution ItoGIS5: I will keep using the GIS as frequently as possible ItoGIS6: I will enjoy using GIS in the future 4.14 3.55 3.57 3.69 3.36 3.62 3.50 3.89 3.73 3.56 3.69 3.64 4.07 3.76 3.90 3.82 3.78 3.82 3.65 3.92 3.52 3.66 3.52 3.83 3.52 3.65 3.63 3.64 0.731 0.643 0.651 0.737 0.576 0.622 0.585 0.836 0.736 0.730 0.796 0.762 0.884 0.816 0.882 0.826 0.835 0.856 0.786 0.842 0.665 0.776 0.634 0.838 0.635 0.751 0.767 0.742 5 DISCUSSION Our study shows that our research model proposed earlier and hypothesis are proven significantly and able to describe GIS admin- istrators’ continuance intention to adopt and use the GIS for Bidik- misi scholarship distribution. Tested constructs (factors):

change management in the scholarship management were all important factors that affect the administrators’ continuance intention to adopt and use the GIS. The two modified constructs — perceived of ease and

.04) were important for all administrators’ responses. The results of this study support earlier relevant studies. For example, earlier research [e.g: 36,37] found that the perceived use- fulness of a GIS application has significantly influenced users’ con- tinuance intention to use it. Our study indicated that users with high-perceived usefulness expectancy tend to continually use the GIS application. Variable system quality (SQ) played an important influence on users’ continuance motivation to use the GIS. The finding indicated that users expect a GIS to determine the scholarship distribution should support them to determine the location more accurately in a certain area and it can be performed in a short time [38]. Such expec- tations reflect the scholarship distribution determination sometimes performed more efficiently in the Indonesian universities context. This requires a GIS application that can support the assessment of the scholarship recipients. IC3INA 2022, November 22, 23, 2022, Virtual Event, Indonesia Nurdin Nurdin et al. Figure 1: Example of the Bidikmisi recipients’ distribution on the GIS Mapping page The variable information quality (SQ) also contributed signifi- cantly influence the administrators’ continuance intention to use the GIS in which the application features support all administrators to determine all aspects of scholarship distribution performance. Relevance information systems features have been found to influ- ence users’ continuance intention to use the system [39]. The GIS quality system needs to determine the scholarship distribution ad- ministrators’ continuance intention to use the application in future scholarship management. Variable system change management (CM)

the GIS. The finding suggested that an application that can support an organization to work in new ways in flexible organi- zational culture and can be used everywhere can maintain users’ continuance intention to use it [40, 42]. An application with higher flexibility also enhances users’ continuance intentions toward using the GIS applications [43]. In this study, the students can access and use the GIS everywhere they want. They did not have to access the application in the office only. As such, the flexibility to access and use the GIS can increase users’ conformability in using the system which might lead to continuance usage. 6 CONCLUSION Our study contributes to both the theory and practice world. 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